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A well-managed and operational Conservation Gateway is in our future! Marketing, Conservation, and Science have partnered on a plan to rebuild the Gateway into the organization’s enterprise content management system (AEM), with a planned launch of a minimal viable product in late 2024. If you’re interested in learning more about the project, reach out to megan.sheehan@tnc.org for more info!
​Overview | Benefits of Coral Reef Fisheries | Status and Trends | Resilience in Fisheries | Stock Assessments | Management Tools |​ Enforcement and Surveillance | Fisheries Supply Chain

Overview

Burke L, Reytar K, Spalding M, and Perry A. 2011. Reefs at risk revisited. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Burke L, Selig L, and Spalding M. 2002. Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia. Washington DC: World Resources Institute.

​Cesar H, Burke L, and Pet-Soede L. 2003. The Economics of Worldwide Coral Reef Degradation. Cesar Environmental Economics Consulting, Arnhem, and WWF-Netherlands, Zeist, The Netherlands. 23 pp.

Chartering a Course to Sustainable Fisheries. California Environmental Associates. 2012.


FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2014. The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management.

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). EAFnet. 2014.

Karr KA, Fujita R, Halpern BS, Kappel CV, Crowder L, Selkoe KA, Alcolado PM, and Rader D. 2015. Thresholds in Caribbean Coral Reefs: Implications for Ecosystem‐Based Fishery Management. Journal of Applied Ecology.

McClanahan TR, Graham NA, MacNeil MA, Muthiga NA, Cinner JE, Bruggemann JH, and Wilson SK. 2011. Critical Thresholds and Tangible Targets for Ecosystem-Based Management of Coral Reef Fisheries.​ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(41): 17230–17233.

MSC. 2014. Fish as food.  Available at: http://www.msc.org/healthy-oceans/the-oceans-today/fish-as-food. Accessed December 8, 2014.

Mumby PJ, Flower J, Chollett I, Box SJ, Bozec Y, Fitzsimmons C, Forster J, Gill D, Griffith-Mumby R, Oxenford HA, et al. 2014. Towards Reef Resilience and Sustainable Livelihoods: A handbook for Caribbean coral reef managers.​ University of Exeter, Exeter. 172 page.​

NOAA. 2014. Coral Reefs – An Important Part of our Future​. Available at: http://www.noaa.gov/features/economic_0708/coralreefs.html. Accessed December 8, 2014.

Ovando D, Deacon RT, Lester SE, Costello C, Van Leuvan T, McIlwain K, Strauss CK, Arbuckle M, Fujita R, Gelcich S, Uchida H. 2013.  Conservation Incentives and Collective Choices in Cooperative Fisheries. Marine Policy 37: 132–140.

Rude, J. 2016. Fishing for Solutions: A Fisheries Management Guidebook for Non-Fisheries Managers.​ The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, USA.

The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture​. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, 2014.

WorldFish. 2013. Community-Based Marine Resource Management in Solomon Islands: A Facilitator’s Guide. Based on Lessons from Implementing CBRM with Rural Coastal Communities in Solomon Islands (2005 - 2013). CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems: Penang, Malaysia. Manual: AAS-2013-17.
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Benefits of Coral Reef Fisheries

Burke L, Selig L, and Spalding M. 2002. Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia. Washington DC: World Resources Institute.

Burke L, Reytar K, Spalding M, and Perry A. 2011. Reefs at risk revisited. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

​Cesar H, Burke L, and Pet-Soede L. 2003. The Economics of Worldwide Coral Reef Degradation. Cesar Environmental Economics Consulting, Arnhem, and WWF-Netherlands, Zeist, The Netherlands. 23 pp.


Jennings S, and Polunin NVC. 1995. Comparative size and composition of yield from six Fijian reef fisheries. Journal Fisheries Biology 46: 28-46.

Kura Y, Revenga C, Hoshino E, and Mock G. 2004. Fishing for Answers: Making sense of the global fish crisis. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Mumby PJ, Flower J, Chollett I, Box SJ, Bozec Y, Fitzsimmons C, Forster J, Gill D, Griffith-Mumby R, Oxenford HA, et al. 2014. Towards Reef Resilience and Sustainable Livelihoods: A handbook for Caribbean coral reef managers. University of Exeter, Exeter. 172 page.

Newton K, Côté IM, Pilling GM, Jennings S, and Dulvy NK. 2007. Current and Future Sustainability of Island Coral Reef Fisheries. Current Biology 17: 655–658.

NOAA. 2014. Coral Reefs – An Important Part of our Future. Available at: http://www.noaa.gov/features/economic_0708/coralreefs.html. Accessed December 8, 2014.

People and reefs: successes and challenges in the management of coral reef marine protected areas. United Nations Environment Programme. 2004. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 176.

Talbot F, and Wilkinson C. 2001. Coral Reefs, Mangroves and Seagrasses: A sourcebook for managers. Australian Institute of Marine Sciences, Townsville.

Status and Trends

Burke L, Reytar K, Spalding M, and Perry A. 2011. Reefs at risk revisited. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Chartering a Course to Sustainable Fisheries. California Environmental Associates. 2012.

Costello C, Ovando D, Hilborn R, Gaines SD, Deschenes O, and Lester SE. 2012. Status and solutions for the world’s unassessed fisheries. Science, 338:6106, 517-520.

Creel, L. 2003. Ripple effects: Population and coastal regions. ​Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau.

Cunningham S, Dunn M, and Whitmarsh D. 1985. Fisheries Economics: an introduction. Mansell Publishing Ltd. London

Garcia SM, and Rosenberg AA. 2010. Food security and marine capture fisheries: characteristics, trends, drivers and future perspectives. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365:1554, 2869-2880.

Hassan R, Scholes R, and Ash N (eds). 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being. Volume 1: Current State and Trends. Island Press: Washington DC, USA. 

Hilborn R, and Ovando D. 2014. Reflections on the success of traditional fisheries management. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, fsu034.

Jackson JBC, Donovan MK, Cramer KL, Lam VV (editors). 2014. Status and Trends of Caribbean Coral Reefs: 1970-2012. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Jennings S, and Polunin NVC. 1995. Comparative size and composition of yield from six Fijian reef fisheries. Journal Fisheries Biology 46: 28-46.

Newton K, Côté IM, Pilling GM, Jennings S, and Dulvy NK. 2007. Current and Future Sustainability of Island Coral Reef Fisheries. Current Biology 17: 655–658.

Pitcher TJ, and Cheung WW. 2013. Fisheries: Hope or despair?. Marine pollution bulletin, 74(2), 506-516.

Report of the FAO/UNEP Expert Meeting on Impacts of Destructive Fishing Practices, Unsustainable Fishing, and Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing on Marine Biodiversity and Habitats​. Rome, 23–25 September 2009. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report. No. 932. Rome, FAO. 2010. 32p.​

Teh LS, Teh LC, and Sumaila UR. 2013. A global estimate of the number of coral reef fishers. PloS one, 8(6), e65397.

The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture​. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, 2014.

Towards global sustainable fisheries: The opportunity for transition. International Sustainability Unit. 2012.

WorldFish. 2009. Fish Supply and Food Security in Africa. CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems: Penang, Malaysia. ​
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Worm B, Hilborn R, Baum JK, Branch TA, Collie JS, Costello C, Fogarty MJ, Fulton EA, Hutchings JA, Jennings S, et al. 2009. Rebuilding global fisheries. Science, 325:5940, 578-585.


​Resilience in Fisheries

Anthony KRN, Marshall PA, Abdulla A, Beeden R, Bergh C, Black R, Eakin CM, Game ET, Gooch M, Graham NAJ, Green A, Heron SF, van Hooidonk R, Knowland C, Mangubhai S, Marshall N, Maynard JA, McGinnity P, McLeod E, Mumby PJ, Nyström M, Obura D, Oliver J, Possingham HP, Pressey RL, Rowlands GP, Tamelander J, Wachenfeld D, and Wear S. 2015. Operationalizing Resilience for Adaptive Coral Reef Management Under Global Environmental Change. Global Change Biology 21: 48–61.


Carpenter S, Walker B, Anderies JM, and Abel N. 2001. From Metaphor to Measurement: Resilience of What to What? Ecosystems 4: 765–781.


Folke C. 2006. Resilience: The Emergence of a Perspective for Social-Ecological Systems Analyses. Global Environmental Change 16(3): 253–267.

Folke C, Carpenter SR, Walker B, Scheffer M, Chapin T, and Rockström J. 2010. Resilience Thinking: Integrating Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability. Ecology and Society 15(4): 20.

Graham N, Bellwood DR, Cinner JE, Hughes TP, Norström AV, and Nyström M. 2013. Managing Resilience to Reverse Phase Shifts in Coral Reefs. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 11(10): 541–548.

Holling CS. 1973. Resilience and Stability in Ecological Systems. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 4: 1–23.


McManus JW. 1997. Tropical Marine Fisheries and the Future of Coral Reefs: A Brief Review with Emphasis on Southeast Asia. Proc. 8th Int. Coral Reef Symp. 1: 129–134.

Walker B, Holling CS, Carpenter SR, and Kinzig A. 2004. Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability in Social–Ecological Systems. Ecology and Society 9(2): 5. 

WorldFish. 2010. Policies and Practice for Resilience. WorldFish: Penang, Malaysia. 

De Young C, Soto D, Bahri T, and Brown D. 2012. Building Resilience for Adaptation to Climate Change in the Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector​. FAO: Rome, Italy

Stock Assessments

Ault JS, Smith SG, Luo J, Monaco ME, and Appeldoorn RS. 2008. Length-based assessment of sustainability benchmarks for coral reef fishes in Puerto Rico. Environmental Conservation, 35(3), 221.

Babcock EA, Harford WJ, Coleman R, Gibson J, Maaz J, Foley JR, and Gongora M. 2014. Bayesian depletion model estimates of spiny lobster abundance at two marine protected areas in Belize with or without in-season recruitment. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, fsu226.

Babcock EA and MacCall AD. 2011. How useful is the ratio of fish density outside versus inside no-take marine reserves as a metric for fishery management control rules? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 68, 343-359.


Cooper AB. A Guide to Fisheries Stock Assessment: From Data to Recommendations. Department of Natural Resources, University of New Hampshire. 

Cope JM, and Punt AE. 2009. Length-based reference points for data-limited situations: applications and restrictions. Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science, 1: 169-186.


FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2014. The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management. 

Froese R. 2004. Keep it simple: three indicators to deal with overfishing. Fish and Fisheries 5.1: 86-91.

Fujita R, Thornhill DJ, Karr K, Cooper CH, and Dee LE. 2013. Assessing and managing data‐limited ornamental fisheries in coral reefs. Fish and Fisheries, 15, 661–675.

Graham NAJ, Dulvy NK, Jennings S, and Polunin NVC. 2005. Size-spectra as indicators of the effects of fishing on coral reef fish assemblages. Coral Reefs, 24(1): 118-124.

Haddon M. 2011. Modelling and Quantitative Methods in Fisheries. Second Edition. Chapman & Hall book. Taylor & Francis. 465.

Hordyk A, Ono K, Valencia S, Loneragan N, and Prince J. 2014. A novel length-based empirical estimation method of spawning potential ratio (SPR), and tests of its performance, for small-scale, data-poor fisheries. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 72: 217-231.

Kilduff P, Carmichael J, Latour R, and Berger TL (ed). 2009. Guide to Fisheries Science and Stock Assessments. Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission: Arlington, VA, USA. 


McClanahan TR, Graham NAJ, MacNeil MA, and Cinner JE. 2014. Biomass‐based targets and the management of multispecies coral reef fisheries.​ Conservation Biology, 29: 409–417. ​

McGilliard CR, Hilborn R, MacCall A, Punt AE, and Field JC. 2011. Can information from marine protected areas be used to inform control-rule-based management of small-scale, data-poor stocks?​ ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68(1): 201-211.

Patrick WS, Spencer P, Ormseth O, Cope J, Field J, Kobayashi D, Gedamke T, Cortés E, Bigelow K, Overholtz W, Link J, and Lawson P. 2009. Use of productivity and susceptibility indices to determine stock vulnerability, with example applications to six U.S. fisheries. ​U.S. Department of Commerce. NOAA Technical Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-101. 90 pp.

Pitcher TJ and Preikshot D. 2001. RAPFISH: a rapid appraisal technique to evaluate the sustainability status of fisheries. Fisheries Research 49.3: 255-270.

Prince JD, Dowling NA, Davies CR, Campbell RA, and Kolody DS. 2011. A simple cost-effective and scale-less empirical approach to harvest strategies. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68(5): 947-960.

Prince J, Hordyk A, Valencia SR, Loneragan N, and Sainsbury K. 2015. Revisiting the concept of Beverton–Holt life-history invariants with the aim of informing data-poor fisheries assessment. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, 72(1): 194-203.

Samoilys M and Gribble N. 1997. Manual for Assessing Fish Stocks on Pacific Coral Reefs. Department of Primary Industries: Townsville, Australia.

Sparre P and Venema SC. 1998. Introduction to Tropical Fish Stock Assessment. Part 1: Manual. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 306/1 Rev. 2. FAO: Rome, Italy. 

Wilson JR, Prince JD, and Lenihan HS. 2010. A management strategy for sedentary nearshore species that uses marine protected areas as a reference. Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science, 2: 14-27.

Wilson JR, Valencia SR, Kay MC, and Lenihan HS. 2013. Integration of No‐Take Marine Reserves in the Assessment of Data‐Limited Fisheries. Conservation Letters, 7(5): 451-458.
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WorldFish. 2013. Community-Based Marine Resource Management in Solomon Islands: A Facilitator’s Guide. Based on Lessons from Implementing CBRM with Rural Coastal Communities in Solomon Islands (2005 - 2013). CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems: Penang, Malaysia. Manual: AAS-2013-17.​

Management Tools

Cochrane KL and Garcia SM (eds). 2009. A Fishery Manager’s Handbook​. FAO and Wiley-Blackwell: Rome, Italy.​

Karr KA, Fujita R, Halpern BS, Kappel CV, Crowder L, Selkoe KA, Alcolado PM, and  Rader D. 2015. Thresholds in Caribbean Coral Reefs: Implications for Ecosystem‐Based Fishery Management. Journal of Applied Ecology.

McClanahan TR, Graham NA, MacNeil MA, Muthiga NA, Cinner JE, Bruggemann JH, and Wilson SK. 2011. Critical Thresholds and Tangible Targets for Ecosystem-Based Management of Coral Reef Fisheries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108(41): 17230–17233.

Ovando D, Deacon RT, Lester SE, et al. 2013.  Conservation Incentives and Collective Choices in Cooperative Fisheries. Marine Policy 37:132–140.

Enforcement and Surveillance
​
Turneffe Atoll Marine Reserve: Control and Vigilance System Design. Bigue M.  WildAid: San Francisco, Ca, USA.

Palau Northern Reef Assessment: Control and Vigilance System Design. Bigue M and Rosero O.  WildAid: San Francisco, Ca, USA.

Interdiction on the High Seas. Coast Guard Compass. Braynard K. 2014.


Recent Trends in Monitoring, Control and Surveillance Systems for Capture Fisheries​. Flewwelling P, Cullinan C, Balton D, Sautter RP, and Reynolds JE. 2002. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 415. FAO: Rome, Italy.

Fisheries Supply Chain 

 Future of Fish. Making Sense of Wild Seafood Supply Chains​. A report created for The Nature Conservancy. 2015.​

 
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