Assessing the connectivity value of roadway structures for terrestrial mammals across the Northern Appalachian forest of Vermont
Road networks fragment habitat and disrupt wildlife movement, but existing structures like bridges and culverts can help restore connectivity. Using omnidirectional circuit‑theory models, this study mapped movement pathways for eight terrestrial mammals across Vermont at both statewide and fine‑scale roadway‑structure resolutions. Current density was highest for forest‑dependent species in the mid‑elevation Green Mountain foothills and lowest in agricultural valleys, while adaptable species showed opposite patterns. Connectivity scores for 5,912 structures varied widely depending on scoring method, underscoring the need for clear management objectives. Results highlight the importance of intact forests for movement and provide guidance for Vermont’s mandate to protect 50% of the state by 2050.
Subject Tags
- Forest
- Wildlife
Abstract
Landscape connectivity is often negatively impacted by road networks that fragment habitat and result in genetic and demographic consequences for wildlife. Existing roadway structures like bridges, culverts and underpasses can facilitate connectivity and reduce the barrier effect of roads by providing less risky areas for animals to cross. Estimating areas of high wildlife movement near roads is beneficial for prioritizing transportation investments for wildlife. We used an omnidirectional circuit theory approach to model the movements of eight terrestrial mammal species across the state of Vermont, a forested region central to the globally important Northern Appalachian ecoregion. We combined expert-derived landscape resistance surfaces with wildlife occurrence data to develop species-specific connectivity models at statewide (23,873 km2, 30 m resolution) and roadway structure (100 m radius around 5,912 structures, 0.5 m resolution) scales. The flow of animal movement across the landscape, depicted as electrical current density, was highest for forest-obligate species along the forested, mid-elevation foothills of the Green Mountains in central Vermont and lowest in the agricultural Champlain Valley; however, for more urban- and agriculture-adapted species, flow was highest in developed areas and lower elevation valleys. Average current density was highest for black bear (Ursus americanus), and lowest for striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) at the statewide scale and highest for raccoon (Procyon lotor) and lowest for moose (Alces alces) at the finer structure scale. Results at both scales revealed different patterns of expected animal movement that reflect the relative extent of connectivity. We then scored connectivity for each structure across all species by combining both scales using four different methods to capture a range of management interests. Rankings varied greatly depending on the method used, highlighting the need to clearly articulate objectives when scoring structures or other features in a landscape. Resistance, occupancy and current maps also indicated the broad importance of intact forest for connectivity and may be particularly important for identifying priority regions for protection under Vermont’s Community Resilience and Biodiversity Protection Act that mandates protecting 50% of the state by 2050.
Citation
Drasher, C. E., Slesar, C., Hawkins-Hilke, J., Gingras, G., Marangelo, P., Landau, V., ... & Murdoch, J. D. (2025). Assessing the connectivity value of roadway structures for terrestrial mammals across the Northern Appalachian forest of Vermont. PLoS One, 20(9), e0331493. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0331493
TNC Authors
-
Paul Marangelo
The Nature Conservancy -
Kimberly R. Hall
Climate Change Ecologist
The Nature Conservancy
Email: kimberly.hall@tnc.org