Opportunities and constraints for intensive agriculture in the Hawaiian archipelago prior to European contact
This study examines pre European intensive agriculture across the Hawaiian archipelago, modeling irrigated pondfields and rain fed dryland farming systems. Using climate, hydrology, topography, soil fertility, and substrate age data, it reveals how environmental conditions influenced agricultural productivity, labor needs, and land management.
Subject Tags
- Indigenous Peoples
- Agriculture
- Land management
Abstract
Intensive agricultural systems interact strongly and reciprocally with features of the lands they occupy, and with features of the societies that they support. We modeled the distribution of two forms of pre-European contact intensive agriculture – irrigated pondfields and rain-fed dryland systems – across the Hawaiian archipelago using a GIS approach based on climate, hydrology, topography, substrate age, and soil fertility. Model results closely match the archaeological evidence in defined locations. On a broader scale, we calculate that the youngest island, Hawai'i, could have supported 572 km2 of intensive agriculture, 97% as rain-fed dryland field systems, while Kaua'i, the oldest island, could have supported 58 km2, all as irrigated wetland systems. Irrigated systems have higher, more reliable yields and lower labor requirements than rain-fed dryland systems, so the total potential yield from Kaua'i (∼49k metric tons) was almost half that of Hawai'i (∼97k metric tons), although Kaua'i systems required only ∼0.05 of the agricultural labor (∼8400 workers, versus ∼165,000 on Hawai'i) to produce the crops. We conclude that environmental constraints to intensive agriculture across the archipelago created asymmetric production efficiencies, and therefore varying potentials for agricultural surplus. The implications both for the emergence of complex sociopolitical formations and for anthropogenic transformation of Hawaiian ecosystems are substantial.
Citation
Ladefoged, Thegn N.; Kirch, Patrick V.; Gon, Samuel M.; Chadwick, Oliver A.; Hartshorn, Anthony S.; Vitousek, Peter M. (2009). "Opportunities and constraints for intensive agriculture in the Hawaiian archipelago prior to European contact". Journal of Archaeological Science. 10 (36): 2374–2383.
TNC Authors
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Dr. Samuel M. ‘Ohukani‘ōhi‘a Gon, III
Sr. Scientist Cultural Advisor. Hawaii
The Nature Conservancy
Email: sgon@tnc.org