Global evidence of human well-being and biodiversity impacts of natural climate solutions
This study uses large language models to analyze over 2 million papers, mapping global evidence on natural climate solution co‑benefits and trade‑offs. Results show rapid growth in research, uneven coverage, and key gaps in high‑mitigation regions, informing future NCS policy and research.
Subject Tags
- Natural climate solutions
- Nature-based solutions
- Climate resilience
Citation
Chang, C.H., Erbaugh, J.T., Fajardo, P., Lu, L., Molnár, I., Papp, D., Robinson, B.E., Austin, K.G., Castro, M., Cheng, S.H. and Cook-Patton, S., 2025. Global evidence of human well-being and biodiversity impacts of natural climate solutions. Nature Sustainability, 8(1), pp.75-85. Download this article.
TNC Authors
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James T. Erbaugh
Applied Social Scientist
The Nature Conservancy
Email: james.erbaugh@tnc.org -
Miguel Castro
Natural Climate Solutions Economist in Ecuador
The Nature Conservancy
Email: miguel.castro@tnc.org -
Susan Cook-Patton
Land Reforestation Scientist
The Nature Conservancy
Phone: Phone
Email: susan.cook-patton@tnc.org -
Peter W. Ellis
Director, Global Natural Climate Solutions Science
The Nature Conservancy
Email: pellis@tnc.org -
Timm Kroeger
Senior Environmental Economist
The Nature Conservancy
Phone: Phone
Email: tkroeger@tnc.org -
Robert I. McDonald
Lead Scientist for Nature-Based Solutions and Lead Scientist for Europe
The Nature Conservancy
Email: rob_mcdonald@tnc.org